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[2014: "As the United States transitioned to a new century…, it experienced renewed ideological and cultural debates, sought to
redefine its foreign policy, and adapted to economic globalization and revolutionary changes in science and technology."] |
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Key Concept 9.1: A newly ascendant conservative movement achieved several political and policy goals during the 1980s and continued to strongly influence public
discourse in the following decades. [2014: "rejecting liberal views about the role of government."] |
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I. Conservative beliefs regarding the need for traditional social values and a reduced role for government advanced in U.S. politics after 1980.
[2014: Reduced public faith in the government's ability to solve social and economic problems, the growth of religious fundamentalism, and
the dissemination of neoconservative thought all combined to invigorate conservatism.] |
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[2014: "Public confidence and trust in government declined in the 1970s in the wake of economic challenges, political scandals, foreign policy 'failures,' and a sense of social and moral decay."] |
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A. Ronald Reagan's victory in the presidential election of 1980 represented an important milestone, allowing conservatives to enact significant tax cuts
and continue the deregulation of many industries. |
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B. Conservatives argued that liberal programs were counterproductive in fighting poverty and stimulating
economic growth. Some of their efforts to reduce the size and scope of government met with inertia and liberal opposition, as many programs remained popular with voters. |
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[2014: "Conservatives achieved some of their political and policy goals, but their success was limited by the enduring
popularity and institutional strength of some government programs and public support for cultural trends of recent decades."] |
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[2014: "Conservatives enjoyed significant victories related to taxation and deregulation of many industries, but many conservative efforts to advance
moral ideals through politics met inertia and opposition."] |
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[2014: "Although Republicans continued to denounce 'big government,' the size and scope of the federal government continued to grow after 1980, as
many programs remained popular with voters and difficult to reform or eliminate."] |
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C. Policy debates continued [2014: "intensified"] over free-trade agreements, the scope of the government social safety net, and calls to reform the U.S. financial system. |
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Key Concept 9.2: Moving into the 21st century, the nation experienced significant technological, economic, and demographic changes. |
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I. New developments in science and technology enhanced the economy and transformed society, while manufacturing decreased. [2014: "The increasing integration
of the U.S. into the world economy was accompanied by economic instability and major policy, social, and environmental challenges.] |
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[2014: Economic inequality increased after 1980 as U.S. manufacturing jobs were eliminated, union membership declined, and real wages stagnated for the middle class.] |
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A. Economic productivity increased as improvements in digital communications enabled increased American participation
in worldwide economic opportunities. |
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B. Technological innovations in computing, digital mobile technology, and the Internet transformed daily life,
increased access to information, and led to new social behaviors and networks. |
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C. Employment increased in service sectors and decreased in manufacturing, and union membership declined. |
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D. Real wages stagnated for the working and middle class amid growing economic inequality. |
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II. The U.S. population continued to undergo demographic shifts that had significant cultural and political consequences. |
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A. After 1980, the political, economic, and cultural influence of the American South and West continued
to increase as population shifted to those areas. |
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B. International migration from Latin America and Asia increased dramatically. The new immigrants
affected U.S. culture in many ways and supplied the economy with an important labor force. [2014: "but they also became the focus of intense political, economic, and cultural debates."] |
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C. Intense political and cultural debates continued over issues such as immigration policy, diversity, gender roles, and family structures. |
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Key Concept 9.3: The end of the Cold War and new challenges to U.S. leadership forced the nation to redefine its foreign policy and role in the world. |
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I. The Reagan administration promoted [2014: "a reinvigorated anti-Communist and"] an interventionist foreign policy that continued in later
administrations, even after the end of the Cold War. |
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A. Reagan asserted U.S. opposition to communism through speeches, diplomatic efforts, limited military interventions, and a buildup of nuclear
and conventional weapons. |
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B. Increased U.S. military spending, Reagan's diplomatic initiatives, and political changes and economic problems in Eastern Europe
and the Soviet Union were all important in ending the Cold War. [2014: President Ronald Reagan, who initially rejected détente with increased defense spending, military action,
and bellicose rhetoric, later developed a friendly relationship with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, leading to significant arms reductions by both countries.] |
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C. The end of the Cold War led to new diplomatic relationships but also new U.S. military and peacekeeping interventions, as well as
continued debates over the appropriate use of American power in the world. |
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II. Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, U.S. foreign policy efforts [2014: "and military involvement"] focused on fighting terrorism around the world. |
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A. In the wake of attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States
launched military efforts against terrorism and lengthy, controversial conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. |
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B. The war on terrorism sought to improve security within the United States but also raised questions
about the protection of civil liberties and human rights. |
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C. Conflicts in the Middle East and concerns about climate change led to debates over U.S. dependence on fossil fuels
and the impact of economic consumption on the environment. |
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D. Despite economic and foreign policy challenges, the United States
continued as the world's leading superpower in the 21st century. |
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