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Key Concept 4.1: The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation's democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. |
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I. The nation's transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white
men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties. |
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A. In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers. |
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B. Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the
Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws. |
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C. By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose -- the Democrats, led, by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay -- that
disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements. |
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D. Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders' positions on slavery and
economic policy [2014: "…positions on economic issues including slavery, the national bank, tariffs, and internal improvements."]. |
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II. While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own.. |
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A. The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution,
along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants that influenced
moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements. |
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B. A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities. |
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C. Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture. |
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D. Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their
dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status. |
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[2014: "Enslaved and free African Americans, isolated at the bottom of the social hierarchy, created
communities and strategies to protect their dignity and their family structures, even as some launched abolitionist and reform movements aimed at changing their status."] |
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III. Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals. |
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A. Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society through
temperance and other reform efforts. |
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B. Abolitionist and antislavery movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North, contributing to the growth of the free African American population, even as
many state governments restricted African Americans' rights. Antislavery efforts in the South were largely limited to unsuccessful slave rebellions. |
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[2014: "Despite the outlawing of the international slave trade, the rise in the number of free African Americans in both the North and the South, and widespread
discussion of various emancipation plans, the U.S. and many state governments continued to restrict African Americans' citizenship possibilities."] |
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C. A women's rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at
the Seneca Falls Convention. |
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Key Concept 4.2: Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society
and to national and regional identities. |
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I. New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production. |
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A. Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships
between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized. |
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B. Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods. |
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C. Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which
extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence. Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than either was linked to the South. |
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II. The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers' lives, and gender and family relations. |
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A. Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women and men working in factories, no longer relied on
semi-subsistence agriculture; instead they supported themselves producing goods for distant markets.
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B. The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for
some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite but also to a large and growing population of laboring poor. [2014: "The market revolution helped to widen a gap between rich and poor…."] |
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C. Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, particularly with the growth of
definitions of domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres. |
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III. Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions.
[2014: "Regional economic specialization, especially the demands of cultivating southern cotton, shaped settlement patterns and the national and international economy."] |
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A. Large numbers of international migrants moved to industrializing northern cities, while many Americans
moved west of the Appalachians, developing thriving new communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. |
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B. Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries
promoted the development of national and international commercial ties. |
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C. Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples, contributing
to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity. . [2014: "Southern cotton furnished the raw material for manufacturing in the Northeast, while the growth in the cotton trade promoted
the development of national economic ties and fueled the internal slave trade." and "The South remained politically, culturally, and ideologically distinct from the other sections, while continuing to rely on its
exports to Europe for economic growth." and "Many white Americans in the South asserted their regional identity
through pride in the institution of slavery, insisting that the federal government should defend that institution."] |
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D. Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would
benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections of the country. |
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[2014: "With the acceleration of a national and international market economy, Americans debated
the scope of government's role in the economy, while diverging economic systems meant that regional political and economic loyalties often continued to overshadow national concerns."] |
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Key Concept 4.3: The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation's foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.. |
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I. Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade. |
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[2014: "I. Struggling to create an independent global presence, U.S. policymakers sought to dominate the North American continent and to promote its foreign trade."] |
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A. Following the Louisiana Purchase, the United States government sought influence and control [2014: "dominance"]
over North America and the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including exploration, military actions,
American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine. |
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B. Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance
led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations. |
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II. The United States's acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories. |
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A. As overcultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more
fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow. [2014: "increasing sectional tensions over the institution of slavery and sparking a broadscale debate about
how to set national goals, priorities, and strategies."] |
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B. Antislavery efforts increased in the North, while in the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no slaves,
most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life. |
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C. Congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only temporarily stemmed growing tensions
between opponents and defenders of slavery. |
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