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Key Concept 5.1: The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination
for many migrants from other countries.. |
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I. Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward,
and new overseas initiatives. [2014: Enthusiasm for U.S. territorial expansion, fueled by economic and national security interests and supported
by claims of U.S. racial and cultural superiority, resulted in war, the opening of new markets, acquisition of new territory, and increased ideological conflicts.] |
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[2014: ID-2 Assess the impact of Manifest Destiny, territorial expansion, the Civil War, and industrialization on popular beliefs about progress and the national
destiny of the U.S. in the 19th century. Superceded in 2015 by NAT-3.0 Analyze how ideas about national identity changed in response to U.S. involvement in international conflicts and the growth
of the United States.] |
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A. The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to
an increased migration to and settlement in the West. |
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B. Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions
compelled the United States to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean. [2014: The idea of Manifest Destiny, which asserted U.S. power in the
Western Hemisphere and supported U.S. expansion westward, was built on a belief in white racial superiority and a sense of American cultural superiority, and helped to shape the era's political debates.] |
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C. The U.S. added large territories in the West through victory in the Mexican-American War and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions
about the status of slavery, American Indians, and Mexicans in the newly acquired lands. [2014: The acquisition of new territory in the West and the U.S. victory
in the Mexican-American War were accompanied by a heated controversy over allowing or forbidding slavery in newly acquired territories.] |
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D. Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting Western transportation and economic development. |
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E. U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia. |
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II. In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of U.S. inhabitants. |
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A. Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the United States from Europe and Asia, mainly from
Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs. |
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B. A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement [2014: "a major, often violent nativist movement] arose
that was aimed at limiting new immigrants' political power and cultural influence. |
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C. U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and American Indians
increased in regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico, altering these groups' economic self-sufficiency and cultures. |
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Key Concept 5.2: Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war. |
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I. Ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the North and the South.
[2014: "The institution of slavery and its attendant ideological debates, along with regional economic and demographic changes, territorial expansion in the 1840s and 1850s,
and cultural differences between the North and the South, all intensified sectionalism."] |
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A. The North's expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy's dependence on slave
labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement arose that
portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor. |
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B. African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against
slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting slaves' escapes, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals. |
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C. Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery
and states' rights were protected by the Constitution. [2014: States' rights, nullification, and racist stereotyping provided the foundation for the Southern
defense of slavery as a positive good.] |
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II. Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, [2014: "Repeated attempts at political compromise failed to calm
tensions over slavery and often made sectional tensions worse, breaking down the trust between sectional leaders and"] culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of
Southern states. |
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A. The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories. |
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B. The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories,
including the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict. |
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C. The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties
to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North. |
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D. Lincoln's victory on the Republicans' free soil platform in the presidential
election of 1860 was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes. After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating
the Civil War. |
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Key Concept 5.3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but
left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights. |
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I. The North's greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate slaves
eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War. |
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A. Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition. |
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B. Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union, but Lincoln's decision to issue
the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy
from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy. |
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C. Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the struggle against slavery as
the fulfillment of America's founding democratic ideals. |
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D. Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union
ultimately succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South's infrastructure. |
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II. Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship,
particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities. [2014: "altered power relationships between the states and the federal government and among the executive, legislative, and
judicial branches, ending slavery and the notion of a divisible union, but leaving unresolved questions of relative power and largely unchanged social and economic patterns."] |
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A. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and 15th amendments granted African Americans
citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights. [2014: "bringing about the war's most dramatic social and economic change, but the
exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system endured for several generations."] |
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B. The women's rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution. |
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C. Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and to reorder race
relations in the defeated South yielded some short-term successes. Reconstruction
opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North's waning resolve. |
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D. Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region's land even after Reconstruction.
Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks' and poor whites' access to land in the South. |
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E. Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights,
but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century. |
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[2014: "III. The constitutional changes of the Reconstruction period embodied a Northern idea of American identity and national purpose…."] |
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