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Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic
system. [2014: Governmental, political, and social organizations struggled to address the effects of large-scale industrialization, economic uncertainty, and related social changes such as
urbanization and mass migration.] |
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I. The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies.
[2014: The continued growth and consolidation of large corporations transformed American society and the nation's economy, promoting urbanization and
economic growth, even as business cycle fluctuations became increasingly severe.] |
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A. New technologies and manufacturing techniques helped focus the U.S. economy on the production of consumer
goods, contributing to improved standards of living, greater personal mobility, and better communications systems. [2014: Large corporations came to
dominate the U.S. economy as it increasingly focused on the production of consumer goods, driven by new technologies and manufacturing techniques.] |
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B. By 1920, a majority of the U.S. population lived in urban centers, which offered new economic opportunities for women, international migrants, and internal migrants. |
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C. Episodes of credit and market instability in the early 20th century, in particular the Great Depression, led
to calls for a stronger financial regulatory system. |
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[2014: WXT-7 Compare the beliefs and strategies of movements advocating changes to the U.S. economic system since industrialization,
particularly the organized labor, Populist, and Progressive movements. Replaced in Fall 2015 by POL-2.0 Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist
groups have sought to change American society and institutions.] |
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II. In the Progressive Era of the early 20th century, Progressives responded to political corruption, economic instability, and social concerns by calling for
[2014: "government intervention in the economy, expanded democracy, greater social justice, and conservation of natural resources"] greater government action and other political and social measures. |
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A. Some Progressive Era journalists attacked what they saw as political corruption, social injustice, and economic
inequality, while reformers, often from the middle and upper classes and including many women, worked to effect social changes in cities and among immigrant populations. |
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B. On the national level, Progressives sought federal legislation that they believed would effectively regulate
the economy, expand democracy, and generate moral reform. Progressive amendments to the Constitution dealt with issues such as prohibition and woman suffrage. |
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C. Preservationists and conservationists both supported the establishment of national parks while advocating different
government responses to the overuse of natural resources. |
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D. The Progressives were divided over many issues. Some Progressives supported Southern segregation, while
others ignored its presence. Some Progressives advocated expanding popular participation in government, while others called for greater reliance on professional and technical experts to make government more
efficient. Progressives also disagreed about immigration restriction. |
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[2014: POL-4 Analyze how and why the New Deal, the Great Society, and the modern conservative movement all sought to change the federal government's role
in U.S. political, social, and economic life. Replaced in Fall 2015 by POL-3.0 Explain how different beliefs about the federal government's role in U.S. social and economic
life have affected political debates and policies.] |
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III. During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into
a limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism. |
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A. Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal attempted to end the Great Depression by using government power to provide relief to
the poor, stimulate recovery, and reform the American economy. [2014: The liberalism of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal drew on earlier progressive
ideas and represented a multifaceted approach to both the causes and effects of the Great Depression, using government power to provide relief to the poor, stimulate recovery, and reform the
American economy.] |
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B. Radical, union, and populist movements pushed Roosevelt toward more extensive efforts to change the American economic
system, while conservatives in Congress and the Supreme Court sought to limit the New Deal's scope. |
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C. Although the New Deal did not end the Depression, it left a legacy of reforms and regulatory agencies and
fostered a long-term political realignment in which many ethnic groups, African Americans, and working-class communities identified with the Democratic Party. |
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Key Concept 7.2: Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture [2014: "and spread "modern" values and ideas, even
as cultural conflicts between groups increased under the pressure of migration, world wars, and economic distress."], while significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns. |
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I. Popular culture grew in influence in U.S. society, even as debates increased over the effects of culture on public values, morals, and
American national identity. |
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A. New forms of mass media, such as radio and cinema, contributed to the spread of national culture as well as
greater awareness of regional cultures. |
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B. Migration gave rise to new forms of art and literature that expressed ethnic and regional identities, such
the Harlem Renaissance movement. |
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C. Official restrictions on freedom of speech grew during World War I, as increased anxiety about radicalism
led to a Red Scare and attacks on labor activism and immigrant culture. |
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D. In the 1920s, cultural and political controversies emerged as Americans debated gender roles, modernism, science,
religion, and issues related to race and immigration. [2014: Technological change, modernization,
and changing demographics led to increased political and cultural conflict on several fronts: tradition versus innovation, urban versus rural,
fundamentalist Christianity versus scientific modernism, management versus labor, native-born versus new immigrants, white versus black, and idealism versus disillusionment.] |
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II. Economic pressures, global events, and political developments caused sharp variations in the numbers, sources, and experiences of both international and internal migrants. |
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A. Immigration from Europe reached its peak in the years before World War I. During and after World War I, nativist campaigns
against some ethnic groups led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration, particularly from southern and eastern Europe, and increased barriers to Asian immigration. [2014: "Several acts of
Congress established highly restrictive immigration quotas, while national policies continued to permit unrestricted immigration from nations in the Western Hemisphere, especially Mexico, in order to guarantee
an inexpensive supply of labor."] |
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B. The increased demand for war production and labor during World War I and World War II and the
economic difficulties of the 1930s led many Americans to migrate to urban centers in search of economic opportunities. |
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C. In a Great Migration during and after World War I, African Americans escaping segregation, racial violence, and
limited economic opportunity in the South moved to the North and West, where they found new opportunities but still encountered discrimination. |
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D. Migration to the United States from Mexico and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere increased,
in spite of contradictory government policies toward Mexican immigration. |
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[2014: PEO-3 Analyze the causes and effects of major internal migration patterns such as urbanization, suburbanization, westward movement,
and the Great Migration in the 19th and 20th centuries. Replaced in Fall 2015 by MIG-2.0 Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what
would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life.] |
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Key Concept 7.3: Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the
nation's proper role in the world. world [2014: "while simultaneously propelling the United States into a dominant international military, political, cultural, and economic position."] |
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I. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, new U.S. territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied
heightened public debates over America's role in the world. |
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A. Imperialists cited economic opportunities, racial theories, competition with European empires, and the perception
in the 1890s that the Western frontier was "closed" to argue that Americans were destined to expand their culture and institutions to peoples [2014: "especially the nonwhite nations"] around the globe. |
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B. Anti-imperialists cited principles of self-determination and invoked both racial theories and the U.S. foreign policy
tradition of isolationism to argue that the U.S. should not extend its territory overseas. |
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C. The American victory in the Spanish-American War led to the U.S. acquisition of island territories in the
Caribbean and the Pacific, an increase in involvement in Asia, and the suppression of a nationalist movement in the Philippines.
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[2014: ID-3 Analyze how U.S. involvement in international crises such as the Spanish-American War, World Wars I and II, the Great Depression, and the Cold War
influenced public debates about American national identity in the 20th century. Replaced in Fall 2015 with NAT-3.0 Analyze how ideas about national identity change
in response to U.S. involvement in international conflicts and the growth of the United States.] |
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[2014: WOR-7 Analyze the goals of U.S. policymakers in major international conflicts, such as the Spanish-American War, World Wars I and II, and the Cold War,
and explain how U.S. involvement in these conflicts has altered the U.S. role in world affairs. Replaced in Fall 2015 with WOR-2.0 Analyze the reasons for and results of U.S.
diplomatic, economic, and military initiatives in North America and overseas.] |
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II. World War I and its aftermath intensified ongoing debates about the nation's role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests. |
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A. After initial neutrality in World War I, the nation entered the conflict, departing from the U.S. foreign policy tradition of
noninvolvement in European affairs, in response to Woodrow Wilson's call for the defense of humanitarian and democratic principles. |
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B. Although the American Expeditionary Forces played a relatively limited role in combat, the U.S.'s entry helped to tip the balance
of the conflict in favor of the Allies. |
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C. Despite Wilson's deep involvement in postwar negotiations, the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the
Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.
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D. In the years following World War I, the United States pursued a unilateral foreign policy that used international
investment, peace treaties, and select military intervention to promote a vision of international order, even while maintaining U.S. isolationism. |
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E. In the 1930s, while many Americans were concerned about the rise of fascism and totalitarianism, most opposed taking military action
against the aggression of Nazi Germany and Japan until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor drew the United States into World War II. |
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III. U.S. participation in World War II transformed American society [2014: "and the relationship between the United States and the rest of the world"], while the victory of the United States and its allies over the Axis powers vaulted the U.S.
into a position of global, political, and military leadership. |
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A. Americans viewed the war as a fight for the survival of freedom and democracy against fascist and
militarist ideologies. This perspective was later reinforced by revelations about Japanese wartime atrocities, Nazi concentration camps, and the Holocaust. |
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B. The mass mobilization of American society helped end the Great Depression,
and the country's strong industrial base played a pivotal role in winning the war by equipping and provisioning allies and millions of U.S. troops. |
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C. Mobilization and military service provided opportunities for women and minorities to improve their socio-economic
positions for the war's duration, while also leading to debates over racial segregation. Wartime experiences also generated challenges to civil liberties, such as the internment of Japanese Americans. |
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D. The United States and its allies achieved military victory through Allied cooperation, technological and scientific advances, the contributions
of servicemen and women, and campaigns such as Pacific "island-hopping" and the D-Day invasion. The use of atomic bombs hastened the end of the war and sparked debates about the morality of using atomic weapons. |
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E. The war-ravaged condition of Asia and Europe, and the dominant U.S. role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements,
allowed the United States to emerge from the war as the most powerful nation on earth. |
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